1.1.1 Global population distribution

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Natural environmental conditions affecting settlement

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Human activities and decisions affecting settlement

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Climate: Extremes of climate discourage settlement (e.g., Sahara and Gobi deserts)

Relief: Flat lowlands and river valleys support high densities (e.g., North China Plain, Ganges Valley, Nile Valley)

Water Supply: Populations cluster near major rivers (e.g., Nile, Amazon)

Fertile soils: River silt and volcanic soils support intensive agriculture (e.g., Ganges delta, Java)

Vegetation: Dense forests restrict settlement (e.g., Amazon rainforest, Congo Basin)

Pests and Diseases: Areas with malaria and dangerous diseases have lower densities (e.g., Papua New Guinea lowlands)

Manufacturing and Trade: Industrial areas and trade centers attract high densities (e.g., Ruhr Basin, Singapore, Hong Kong)

Resources: Mineral deposits and fossil fuels create prosperity (e.g., oil-rich Riyadh and Doha)

Agriculture: Intensive farming areas support higher densities than extensive agriculture areas (e.g., eastern China)

Government Policy: Creation of new cities and development programs (e.g., Brasilia, Shenzhen, Indonesian transmigration)

Forced Movements: Historical forced redistribution (e.g., Soviet settlement of Siberia, Apartheid in South Africa)

Conflict: Wars and instability cause depopulation (e.g., Syria, South Sudan)

Technology: Overcoming physical constraints through innovation (e.g., air conditioning and water systems in SW USA)

Infrastructure and Communications: Transport links attract population (e.g., ports, canals, railways)

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