2.1.2 The global energy balance
External forcing
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Internal natural forcing
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Positive feedback loop
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Negative feedback loop
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(20)Axial tilt cycle (41,000 years)
Orbital eccentricity (100,000 years)
Precession of Earth's axis
11-year sunspot cycle
Grand Solar Minimum
Volcanic sulfate aerosols
Volcanic ash clouds
Mt Pinatubo eruption (1991)
Tambora eruption (1815)
Laki eruption (1783)
Ice-albedo feedback in the Arctic
Greenland ice sheet darkening
Greenland elevation lowering
Permafrost thaw and methane release
Thermokarst lake formation
Tropical wetland methane surge
Water vapour amplification
High-albedo cloud formation
Increased plant growth absorbs CO₂
Stronger outgoing longwave radiation
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